Here is Saint Augustine, “City of God.” Book 5
Chapter 21.— That the Roman Dominion Was Granted by Him
from Whom is All Power, and by Whose
Providence All Things are Ruled.
These things being so, we do not attribute the power of giving
kingdoms and empires to any save to the true
God, who gives happiness in the kingdom of heaven to the
pious alone, but gives kingly power on earth both
to the pious and the impious, as it may please Him, whose
good pleasure is always just. For though we have
said something about the principles which guide His
administration, in so far as it has seemed good to Him to
explain it, nevertheless it is too much for us, and far surpasses
our strength, to discuss the hidden things of
men’s hearts, and by a clear examination to determine the
merits of various kingdoms. He, therefore, who is the
one true God, who never leaves the human race without just
judgment and help, gave a kingdom to the Romans
when He would, and as great as He would, as He did also to
the Assyrians, and even the Persians, by whom, as
their own books testify, only two gods are worshipped, the one
good and the other evil — to say nothing
concerning the Hebrew people, of whom I have already spoken
as much as seemed necessary, who, as long
as they were a kingdom, worshipped none save the true God.
The same, therefore, who gave to the Persians
harvests, though they did not worship the goddess Segetia, who
gave the other blessings of the earth, though
they did not worship the many gods which the Romans supposed
to preside, each one over some particular
thing, or even many of them over each several thing — He, I say,
gave the Persians dominion, though they
worshipped none of those gods to whom the Romans believed
themselves indebted for the empire. And the
same is true in respect of men as well as nations.
He who gave
power to Marius gave it also to Caius Cæsar; He
who gave it to Augustus gave it also to Nero; He also who gave
it to the most benignant emperors, the
Vespasians, father and son, gave it also to the cruel Domitian; and,
finally, to avoid the necessity of going over
them all, He who gave it to the Christian Constantine gave it also to
the apostate Julian, whose gifted mind was
deceived by a sacrilegious and detestable curiosity, stimulated by
the love of power. And it was because he was
addicted through curiosity to vain oracles, that, confident of
victory, he burned the ships which were laden with
the provisions necessary for his army, and therefore, engaging
with hot zeal in rashly audacious enterprises, he
was soon slain, as the just consequence of his recklessness, and
left his army unprovisioned in an enemy’s
country, and in such a predicament that it never could have escaped,
save by altering the boundaries of the
Roman empire, in violation of that omen of the god Terminus of
which I spoke in the preceding book; for the god
Terminus yielded to necessity, though he had not yielded to Jupiter.
Manifestly these things are ruled and
governed by the one God according as He pleases; and if His motives
are hid, are they therefore unjust?
Job 34: For when he granteth peace, who is there that can condemn?
When he hideth his countenance, who
is there that can behold him, whether it regard nations, or all men?
[30] Who maketh a man that is a hypocrite
to reign for the sins of the people?
Haydock Commentary: Ver. 30. People. A hypocrite denotes
one infected with all sorts of crimes. S. Iræn. v. 24.
Such a king is sometimes given to punish a wicked people.
Ose. xiii. 11. Isai. iii. 4.
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