Only "experts" think mutilating the healthy reproductive organs of youth is a desirable or a defensible act instead of the acts of Satanic Surgeons.
John William Money (8 July 1921 – 7 July 2006) was a New Zealand psychologist, sexologist and author known for his research into sexual identity and biology of gender. He was one of the first researchers to publish theories on the influence of societal constructs of gender on individual formation of gender identity. Money introduced the terms gender role and sexual orientation and popularised the terms gender identity and paraphilia.[1][2]
Working with endocrinologist Claude Migeon, Money established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic, the first clinic in the United States to perform sexual reassignment surgeries on both infants and adults.[3] He spent a considerable amount of his career in the United States.
A 1997 academic study criticised Money's work in many respects, particularly in regard to the involuntary sex-reassignment of the child David Reimer, and Money's abuse of Reimer and his brother when they were children.[4] Some of Money's "therapy" sessions involved Money forcing the two children to perform sexual activities with each other, which Money then photographed, "for research". David Reimer lived a troubled life, eventually committing suicide at 38; his brother died of an overdose at age 36.[5][6]
Money's writing has been translated into many languages and includes around 2,000 articles, books, chapters and reviews. He received around 65 honours, awards and degrees in his lifetime.[1] He was also a patron of many famous New Zealand artists, such as Rita Angus and Theo Schoon.[7]
Biography
Money was born in Morrinsville, New Zealand, to a Protestant[8] family of English and Welsh descent.[9] He attended Hutt Valley High School[10] and initially studied psychology at Victoria University of Wellington,[11]graduating with a double master's degree in psychology and education in 1944.[12][13] He was a junior member of the psychology faculty at the University of Otago in Dunedin.
In 1947, at the age of 26, Money emigrated to the United States to study at the Psychiatric Institute of the University of Pittsburgh. He left Pittsburgh and earned his PhD from Harvard University in 1952.
Money proposed and developed several theories and related terminology, including gender identity, gender role,[14] gender-identity/role and lovemap. He popularised the term paraphilia (appearing in the DSM-III, which would later replace perversions) and introduced the term sexual orientation in place of sexual preference, arguing that attraction is not necessarily a matter of free choice.[1][2]
Money was a professor of paediatrics and medical psychology at Johns Hopkins University from 1951 until his death. In 1960 and 1961, he co-authored two papers with Richard Green, "Incongruous Gender Role: Nongenital Manifestations in Prepubertal Boys" and "Effeminacy in Prepubertal Boys: Summary of Eleven Cases and Recommendations for Case Management."[15][16]
Money established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic in 1965 along with Claude Migeon who was the head of paediatric endocrinology at Johns Hopkins. The hospital began performing sexual reassignment surgery in 1966, and was the first clinic in the United States to do so.[3][17][18] At Johns Hopkins, Money was also involved with the Sexual Behaviors Unit, which ran studies on sex-reassignment surgery. In 2002 he received the Magnus Hirschfeld Medal from the German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research.
Money was also an early supporter of New Zealand's arts, both literary and visual. In 2002, as his Parkinson's disease worsened, Money donated a substantial portion of his art collection to the Eastern Southland Art Gallery in Gore, New Zealand.[19] In 2003, the New Zealand Prime Minister, Helen Clark, opened the John Money wing at the Eastern Southland Gallery.[20]
Money died 7 July 2006, one day before his 85th birthday, in Towson, Maryland,[21] of complications from Parkinson's disease.[22]
Institutionalization of Janet Frame
Author Janet Frame attended some of Money's classes at the University of Otago, as part of her teacher's training. Frame was attracted to Money, and eager to please him.[27] In October 1945, after Frame wrote an essay mentioning her thoughts of suicide,[28] John Money convinced Frame to enter the psychiatric ward at Dunedin Public Hospital, where she was misdiagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia.[29][30][31] Frame then spent eight years in psychiatric institutions, during which she was subjected to electroshock and insulin shock therapy.[32][33] Frame narrowly missed being lobotomized.[34][35][32] In Frame's autobiography, An Angel at My Table, Money is referred to as John Forrest.[28]
Sex reassignment of David Reimer
During his professional life, Money was respected as an expert on sexual behavior, especially known for his views that gender was learned rather than innate. However, it was later revealed that his most famous case of David Reimer, born Bruce Reimer, was fundamentally flawed.[36] In 1966, a botched circumcision left eight-month-old Reimer without a penis. Money persuaded the baby's parents that sex reassignment surgery would be in Reimer's best interest. At the age of 22 months, Reimer underwent an orchiectomy, in which his testicles were surgically removed. He was reassigned to be raised as female and his name changed from Bruce to Brenda. Money further recommended hormone treatment, to which the parents agreed. Money then recommended a surgical procedure to create an artificial vagina, which the parents refused. Money published a number of papers reporting the reassignment as successful.
According to John Colapinto's biography of David Reimer, starting when Reimer and his twin Brian were six years old, Money showed the brothers pornography and forced the two to rehearse sexual acts. Money would order David to get down on all fours and Brian was forced to "come up behind [him] and place his crotch against [his] buttocks". Money also forced Reimer, in another sexual position, to have his "legs spread" with Brian on top. On "at least one occasion" Money took a photograph of the two children performing these acts.[37]
When either child resisted Money, Money would get angry. Both Reimer and Brian recall that Money was mild-mannered around their parents, but ill-tempered when alone with them. Money also forced the two children to strip for "genital inspections"; when they resisted inspecting each other's genitals, Money got very aggressive. Reimer says, "He told me to take my clothes off, and I just did not do it. I just stood there. And he screamed, 'Now!' Louder than that. I thought he was going to give me a whupping. So I took my clothes off and stood there shaking."[37]
Money's rationale for his treatment of the children was his belief that "childhood 'sexual rehearsal play'" "at thrusting movements and copulation" was important for a "healthy adult gender identity".[5][6]
Both Reimer and Brian were traumatized by the "therapy","[37][38] with Brian speaking about it "only with the greatest emotional turmoil", and David unwilling to speak about the details publicly.[37] At 14 years old and in extreme psychological agony, David Reimer was finally told the truth by his parents. He chose to begin calling himself David, and he underwent surgical procedures to revert the female bodily modifications.[39]
Despite the pain and turmoil of the brothers, for decades, Money reported on Reimer's progress as the "John/Joan case", describing apparently successful female gender development and using this case to support the feasibility of sex reassignment and surgical reconstruction even in non-intersex cases.[40]
By the time this deception was discovered, the idea of a purely socially constructed gender identity and infant Intersex medical interventions had become the accepted medical and sociological standard.[40]
David Reimer's case came to international attention in 1997 when he told his story to Milton Diamond, an academic sexologist, who persuaded Reimer to allow him to report the outcome in order to dissuade physicians from treating other infants similarly.[41] Soon after, Reimer went public with his story, and John Colapinto published a widely disseminated and influential account in Rolling Stone magazine in December 1997.[42] This was later expanded into The New York Times best-selling biography As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl (2000),[43] in which Colapinto described how—contrary to Money's reports—when living as Brenda, Reimer did not identify as a girl. He was ostracised and bullied by peers (who dubbed him "cavewoman"),[44][45] and neither frilly dresses[46] nor female hormones made him feel female.[5]
In July 2002, Brian was found dead from an overdose of antidepressants. In May 2004, David committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with a sawed-off shotgun at the age of 38. According to his mother, "he had recently become depressed after losing his job and separating from his wife."[47] Reimer's parents have stated that Money's methodology was responsible for the deaths of both of their sons.[48]
Money argued that media response to Diamond's exposé was due to right-wing media bias and "the antifeminist movement." He said his detractors believed "masculinity and femininity are built into the genes so women should get back to the mattress and the kitchen".[49] However, intersex activists also criticised Money, stating that the unreported failure had led to the surgical reassignment of thousands of infants as a matter of policy.[50] Privately, Money was mortified by the case, colleagues said, and as a rule did not discuss it.[51]
Researcher Mary Anne Case wrote that Money made "fraudulently deceptive claims about the malleability of gender in certain patients who had involuntarily undergone sex reassignment surgery" and that this fueled the anti-gender movement.[52]
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